Nginx专题: 从编译安装到URL重写

精彩介绍

• 前言

• 环境介绍

• Nginx介绍

• 编译安装Nginx

• 配置文件解释

• 配置Nginx

• 实现URL Rewrite将不同浏览器的请求响应不同页面

• 总结

前言

本文主要实现使用Nginx作为Web服务器，并使用URL Rewrite实现将手机对Web站点的请求专门重写到一个专门为手机定制的Web页面中。

环境介绍

笔者只有一台虚拟机, 桥接到室内的路由器便于手机进行访问, IP地址为192.168.1.103。

Nginx介绍

engine x发音同Nginx，作者是Igor Sysoev，是目前世界上占有率第三的Web服务器软件. Nginx是一款轻量级的Web服务器，可实现反向代理，URL rewrite等功能。

Nginx拥有消耗内存小、可支持高并发连接达5W个、还支持热部署、高性能的网络IO模型等特性。淘宝还基于Nginx进行二次研发出Tengine。

编译安装Nginx

需要安装Development Tools和Server Platform Development包组和zlib-devel， pcre-devel， openssl-devel等包。

[root@server1 ~]# yum groupinstall "Development Tools" "Server Platform Development" #安装包组

[root@server1 ~]# yum install pcre-devel openssl-devel zlib-devel -y #安装相应软件

[root@server1 ~]# tar xf nginx-1.6.1.tar.gz -C /usr/src/ #解压nginx源码包到/usr/src/目录中

[root@server1 ~]# cd /usr/src/

[root@server1 src]# cd nginx-1.6.1/

[root@server1 nginx-1.6.1]# groupadd -r nginx #创建组

[root@server1 nginx-1.6.1]# useradd -r -g nginx nginx #创建用户

[root@server1 nginx-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/src/nginx --sbin-path=/sbin/ --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --with-http_ssl_module --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_gzip_static_module

#关于编译选项的参数含义，请查阅官方文档

[root@server1 nginx-1.6.1]# make && make install

配置文件解释

关于Nginx的一些工作原理我们这里不做解释，但是我们解释一下Nginx的配置文件中常用选项的意思

nginx的主配置文件是nginx.conf，配置文件的位置随着编译的配置选项而定，我们这里是/etc/nginx/nginx.conf文件

Nginx作为web服务器时主配置文件一般分为三段， main和event{}，http{}、我们分别进行介绍

main和event{}的配置

运行相关的配置

user User_Name [Group_name]; #运行Nginx进程的用户和组. 默认为nobody

error_log /path/to/error_log; #是否启用错误日志，并指定错误日志的存放位置, 可指定为相对路径

error_log /path/to/error_log notice; #指定错误日志的记录的级别

pid /path/to/pidfile; #指定守护进程pid文件的位置

性能相关的配置

worker_processes number; #运行的worker进程的个数, 默认为1

worker_cpu_affinity cpumask ...; #定义worker进程和cpu的绑定, 这里不做过多介绍, 不了解的可自行查找

time_resolution interval ; 计数器的解析度，记录日志时时间的精确性

worker_priority number; #worker进程的优先级

事件相关的配置

accept_mutex on|off; #master进程调度用户请求至worker进程的算法，轮询和随机. on表示轮询

use [epoll|rtsing|select|poll]; #指明使用的事件驱动模型

worker_connections number; 指明一个worker进程能够接受的最大请求书

http{}的基本配置

1. server{}： 定义一个虚拟主机

示例:

server {

listen 80;

server_name www.anyisalin.com;

root "/htdocs/www"

}

2. listen

语法: listen address[:port];

示例:

listen 127.0.0.1:8000;

listen 127.0.0.1;

listen 8000;

listen *:8000;

listen localhost:8000;

3. server_name

语法: server_name name...;

支持通配符:

匹配顺序:

1. 精确匹配

2. 从左向右匹配通配符 *.anyisalin.com

3. 从右向左匹配通配符 anyisalin.*

4. 匹配正则表达式 ~^*\.anyisalin\.com$

5. default_server

4. root

语法: root path;

5. location

语法: location [=] [~] [~*] [^~] URL {...}

功能：根据用户请求的URI来匹配定义的location

=: 精确匹配检查

~: 正则表达式匹配

~*: 正则表达式匹配， 不区分大小写

^~: URI的前半部分匹配, 不支持正则表达式

示例:

server {

listen 80;

server_name www.anyisalin.com;

location / {

root "/htdocs/www";

}

location /imgs/ {

root "/htdocs/imgs"

}

location ~* \.php$ {

root "/htdocs/php"

}

}

配置Nginx

搭建一个基本的Nginx Web服务器

编辑Nginx配置文件效果如下

server {

listen 80;

server_name www.anyisalin.com;

location / {

root /htdocs/html;

index index.html index.htm;

error_page 404 =200 404.html;

}

}

创建对应网页文件

[root@server1 /]# mkdir htdocs/html -pv #创建文件夹

mkdir: created directory `htdocs'

mkdir: created directory `htdocs/html'

[root@server1 /]# cd htdocs/html/

[root@server1 html]# echo "<h1>www.anyisalin.com</h1>" >> index.html #创建网页文件

[root@server1 html]# echo "Sorry, Page Not Found" > 404.html #创建404页面

[root@server1 html]# nginx -t #检查配置文件语法

nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok

nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful

[root@server1 html]# nginx #启动nginx

测试页面访问正常

实现https

创建CA并签署Nginx证书

这里对于openssl的操作不做解释, 有兴趣可以看我以前的文章

创建私有CA并自签证书

[root@server1 html]# cd /etc/pki/CA

[root@server1 CA]# (umask 077; openssl genrsa -out private/cakey.pem 2048)

[root@server1 CA]# openssl req -new -x509 -key private/cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 7300

You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated

into your certificate request.

What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.

There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank

For some fields there will be a default value,

If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.

-----

Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN

State or Province Name (full name) []:AH

Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:HF

Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:AnyISalIn LTD

Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:ops

Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.anyisalin.com

Email Address []:webadmin.anyisalin.com

[root@server1 CA]# touch serial index.txt

[root@server1 CA]# echo 01 > serial

创建nginx证书

[root@server1 CA]# cd /etc/nginx/

[root@server1 nginx]# mkdir ssl

[root@server1 nginx]# cd ssl/

[root@server1 ssl]# (umask 077; openssl genrsa -out nginx.key 1024)

Generating RSA private key, 1024 bit long modulus

..++++++

.............................................................................................++++++

e is 65537 (0x10001)

[root@server1 ssl]# openssl req -new -key nginx.key -out nginx.csr

You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated

into your certificate request.

What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.

There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank

For some fields there will be a default value,

If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.

-----

Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN

State or Province Name (full name) []:AH

Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:HF

Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:AnyISalIn LTD

Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:ops

Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.anyisalin.com

Email Address []:webadmin.anyisalin.com

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes

to be sent with your certificate request

A challenge password []:

An optional company name []:

签署证书

[root@server1 ssl]# openssl ca -in nginx.csr -out nginx.crt -days 365

Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf

Check that the request matches the signature

Signature ok

Certificate Details:

Serial Number: 1 (0x1)

Validity

Not Before: Apr 4 13:57:02 2016 GMT

Not After : Apr 4 13:57:02 2017 GMT

Subject:

countryName = CN

stateOrProvinceName = AH

organizationName = AnyISalIn LTD

organizationalUnitName = ops

commonName = www.anyisalin.com

emailAddress = webadmin.anyisalin.com

X509v3 extensions:

X509v3 Basic Constraints:

CA:FALSE

Netscape Comment:

OpenSSL Generated Certificate

X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:

A3:68:8D:FD:49:FD:08:1B:E3:09:45:9F:3B:48:35:1E:0F:38:C4:92

X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:

keyid:26:2E:FE:F6:52:41:DC:2F:C6:C1:4F:19:A0:BE:F6:14:99:93:54:4B

Certificate is to be certified until Apr 4 13:57:02 2017 GMT (365 days)

Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y

1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y

Write out database with 1 new entries

Data Base Updated

修改配置文件

server {

listen 443 ssl;

server_name www.anyisalin.com;

ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.crt;

ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.key;

location / {

root /htdocs/html;

index index.html index.htm;

error_page 404 =200 404.html;

}

}

测试https

重载服务进行测试

[root@server1 ssl]# nginx -t

nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok

nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful

[root@server1 ssl]# nginx -s reload

未导入证书前

导入证书后,因为chrome自身问题认为证书不可靠，但是已经成功

实现URL Rewrite将不同浏览器的请求响应不同页面

URL重写的相关配置选项

语法：rewrite regex replacement flag;

例如:

rewrite ^/images/(.*\.jpg)$ /img/abc/$1 break;

效果:

http://www.anyisalin.com/images/1.jpg --> http://www.anyisalin.com/img/abc/1.jpg

flag：

last: 被重写完后不会继续匹配下面的rewrite规则, 由User_agent重新发起对新URL的请求, 但是会重新匹配rewrite规则

break：被重写后不会继续匹配下面的rewrite规则, 由User_agent重新发起对新URL的请求, 但是不会继续匹配

redirect：以302(临时重定向)返回新的URL

permanent：以301(永久重定向)返回新的URL

针对用户代理URL Rewrite

修改location为如下配置

location / {

root /htdocs/html;

index index.html index.htm;

error_page 404 =200 404.html;

if ($http_user_agent ~* Android) { #匹配到User_Agent包含Android跳转到/Moblie中

rewrite ^(.*)$ /Moblie/$1 break;

}

if ($http_user_agent ~* Chrome) { #匹配到User_Agent包含chrome跳转到/Chrome中

rewrite ^(.*)$ /Chrome/$1 break;

}

if ($http_user_agent ~* MSIE) { #匹配到User_Agent包含MSIE跳转到/IE中

rewrite ^(.*)$ /IE/$1 break;

}

}

创建对应的网页文件

[root@server1 /]# mkdir /htdocs/html/{Chrome,IE,Moblie}

[root@server1 /]# echo "Welecom Moblie" > /htdocs/html/Moblie/index.html

[root@server1 /]# echo "Welecom Chrome" > /htdocs/html/Chrome/index.html

[root@server1 /]# echo "Welecom IE" > /htdocs/html/IE/index.html

测试

手机

chrome

总结

这次主要简单介绍了一下Nginx作为Web服务器的简单使用方法，和针对不同用户代理进行跳转，过几天我还会写Nginx作为代理服务器的相关文章，敬请期待！